Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2017 ntawm BeyondBlock Taipei, Vitalik Buterin tau tso nws tsis pom kev rau Ethereum 2.0: sharding rau scalability thiab Casper raws li kev pom zoo algorithm rau kev hloov mus rau Pov Thawj-of-Stake (PoS).
Sharding tau nteg tawm raws li "tsim ib lub blockchain qhov twg koj muaj ntau pua lub ntiaj teb sib txawv, thiab txhua lub ntiaj teb yog qhov chaw sib txawv ntawm tus account, thiab koj tuaj yeem muaj ib tus account hauv qee lub ntiaj teb, lossis daim ntawv cog lus hauv qee lub ntiaj teb, thiab koj tuaj yeem xa ib qho kev lag luam hauv. qee lub qab ntuj khwb, thiab nws tsuas muaj feem cuam tshuam rau tej yam hauv lub qab ntuj khwb ntawd xwb." Nws txuas ntxiv piav qhia tias tag nrho cov shards yuav sib cuam tshuam thiab yuav 'sib koom kev pom zoo.'
Thaum kawg, cov kab ntawm cov shards no tej zaum yuav plooj thiab tuaj yeem muaj kev ua tiav thoob plaws shards.
Vitalik tau hais ntxiv tias yuav ua li cas, tsis zoo li cov saw hlau uas tau txiav txim siab siv qee hom 'super-node,' nws xav tias nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas Ethereum tuaj yeem yog. khiav los ntawm lub network ntawm 'cov neeg siv khoom siv laptops.' Vitalik tau lees paub thaum lub sijhawm "tsis muaj lub tswv yim meej ntawm dab tsi nkag mus rau hauv Ethereum 2.0."
Ethereum 2.0 tam sim no yog dab tsi?
Ethereum 2.0 tuaj yeem suav nrog kev sib faib thiab lwm yam kev hloov pauv yav tom ntej. Txog tam sim no, thaum 'Kev Sib Koom Tes' tshwm sim, nws tsuas yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm Cov Ntawv Pov Thawj-of-Work (PoW) saw hlau ua cov saw tseem ceeb, mus rau PoS saw.
Nws tseem yuav tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau tib neeg thim lawv ceg txheem ntseeg mus txog thaum muaj kev npaj nyuaj nkhaus ob peb lub hlis tom qab Merge.
Merge yog dab tsi?
Tau ntau lub hlis, tib neeg tau pib koom tes thiab koom nrog PoS ntawm 'Beacon Chain.' Kev sib koom ua ke yog thaum cov txheej txheem kev pom zoo ua ke nrog lub xeev uas twb muaj lawm thiab qib kev ua lag luam tiag tiag.
Xyaum, nws yog thaum PoS siv lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev pom zoo rau PoW hauv Ethereum. Nws yog tam sim no xav tias yuav tshwm sim ntawm 'Tag nrho Terminal Difficulty' ntawm 5.875 × 10^22, nyob ib ncig ntawm lub Cuaj Hli 14 lossis 15th. Thaum nws tshwm sim, Ethereum yuav tag nrho PoS.
Nyeem ntxiv: Nov yog yam koj yuav tsum paub txog Ethereum 2.0's Merge
Yuav ua li cas txog EthPOW diav rawg kuv tau hnov txog?
Muaj kev sib tham txog qhov muaj peev xwm PoW diav rawg ntawm Ethereum lub xeev thaum lub sijhawm Merge. Justin Sun tau koom nrog, raws li nws feem ntau yog thaum muaj lub sijhawm kom tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev siv zog ntawm lwm tus raws tu qauv' developers. Nws pauv Poloniex teev tokens ua ntej ntawm Merge kom tso cai speculation rau nws.
Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb uas tsis yog-feem ntau rab rawg rau cov saw hlau sib cog lus yog tias ntau yam tokens yuav tsuas muaj nuj nqis ntawm ib txoj saw xwb. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov nyiaj npib ruaj khov uas tus tshaj tawm feem ntau yuav txiav txim siab tias cov saw hlau twg yuav muaj nqis ntxiv.
Tether, Vajvoog, thiab Paxos tau tshaj tawm lawv lub hom phiaj ua raws li PoS saw, uas txhais tau tias lawv tokens ntawm lwm tus diav rawg yuav tsis muaj nuj nqis. Qhov no kuj txhais tau tias lwm yam kev cai ntawm cov neeg tsawg tsawg yuav muaj teeb meem loj - thiab poob nqi - vim tias cov cuab tam yuav tsis muaj nqis $ 1 raws li qhov xav tau.
Qhov no yog sib xyaw los ntawm qhov tseeb tias muaj lwm yam khoom muaj nqis ruaj khov zoo li Dai uas nyob ntawm qhov ruaj khov-tus nqi ntawm cov npib no. Cov no kuj tseem yuav xav tias yuav muaj teeb meem loj, raws li cov txheej txheem uas tsis muaj tseeb lossis qhia meej tias Dai yuav muaj nqis ze li $ 1.
Txawm li cas los xij, tej zaum yuav muaj sijhawm rau zoo-kev cob cog rua actors profit nyob rau hauv thawj ob peb blocks raws li tus nqi sim hloov ntawm $ 1 thiab $ 0. Ntau tus neeg txhawb nqa lub diav rawg no yuav cia siab tias yuav ua li ntawd.
Qhov tseem ceeb, qhov no txhais tau tias cov nyiaj ruaj khov txiav txim siab rab diav rawg rau kev cog lus ntse - yog tias lawv raug tso cai los ua qhov tseem ceeb txaus hauv 'ecosystem.'
Dab tsi yog staking?
Staking yog txheej txheem ntawm kev koom nrog kev pom zoo rau PoS chains. Ethereum 2.0 yuav siv lub Roj Av consensus algorithm, uas yog kev sib txuas ntawm Casper tsim los ntawm Vitalik Buterin thiab Virgil griffith, thiab algorithm rau LMD GHOST fork xaiv tsim los ntawm Vlad Zamfir.
Cov neeg siv nrog tsawg kawg 32 ether uas tuaj yeem khiav qhov kev lees paub muaj peev xwm tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo. Staking khoom plig yog muab rau thov ib qho block lossis ua pov thawj rau ib qho thaiv. Tam sim no, cov neeg tawm tswv yim tau txais khoom plig yog tias ib tug neeg raug txiav.
Thaum tus validator yog active nws tsim nyog xaiv los yog ib tug 'proposer' uas qhia lub block tom ntej rau lub network, los yog raws li ib tug 'attestor' uas kos npe rau ntawm qhov tam sim no thov block.
Yog tias koj muaj ntau dua 32 ether thiab xav tau cov khoom plig ntau dua, ces koj yuav tsum tau khiav ntau cov nodes raws li txhua tus raug kho raws li muaj 'zoo tshuav' ntawm 32 ether.
Yog tias koj muaj tsawg dua 32 ether ces koj tsis tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev sib tw. Koj tuaj yeem xaiv 'pool' koj ether nrog rau lwm tus neeg tso nyiaj los ntawm kev pabcuam zoo li Lido. Qhov no tso cai rau koj tseem tau txais qee qhov khoom plig los ntawm kev sib tw thiab tsis xav kom koj tswj hwm koj tus kheej kho vajtse lossis tag nrho cov nyiaj ether. Nws kuj muaj ib qho token uas tso cai rau koj kom tau txais txiaj ntsig ua ntej stakes rho tawm muaj, thiab yog ib feem ntawm lub luag haujlwm rau kev rhuav tshem. Peb Leeg Peev Peev.
Tam sim no tsis muaj ib tus neeg twg tuaj yeem thim rov qab, thiab qhov ntawd yog npaj los hloov pauv rau yav tom ntej nyuaj diav rawg.
Slashing yog dab tsi?
Slashing yog lub txim rau tus cwj pwm phem validators. Yog hais tias ib txheej ntawm cov yuam sij pov npav ntau dua ib zaug ntawm qhov kev pom zoo, tawm tswv yim ob lub blocks rau tib lub qhov, lossis sim hloov keeb kwm lawv tuaj yeem raug txiav. Slashed validators poob ib feem ntawm lawv ceg txheem ntseeg thiab yog yuam kom tawm los ntawm txoj kev pom zoo.
Dab tsi yog inactivity leak?
Inactivity leak yog lub txim rau lub node tsis nyob online. Qhov ntau cov nodes uas yog offline, qhov hnyav dua qhov dej ntws no. Thaum lub network tseem ua haujlwm, qhov dej ntws no kuj me me, tab sis yog tias muaj ntau tus neeg siv hluav taws xob mus rau offline, qhov no yuav dhau los ua qhov xau loj dua.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev xaiv tsim no yog tso tseg cov neeg siv tsis raug cai hauv qab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus 16 ether yuav tsum tau khaws cia, yog li ntawd thaum kawg online validators yuav rov ua tau cov saw hlau.
Puas yog kev ruaj ntseg piv rau PoW?
Qhov ntawd yog ib lo lus nug nyuaj. Tej zaum. Tej zaum. Yog lawm. Tsis yog. Nyob ntawm seb koj xav ua qauv li cas koj cov lus nug, leej twg koj xav nug, thiab koj xav li cas txog qee qhov kev xav yuav cuam tshuam rau koj cov lus xaus rau lo lus nug no.
PoW muaj lub siab nyiam mus rau hauv lub hauv paus rau hauv mining 'pools,' whereas nws yog kev lag luam ntau dua rau PoS staker ua haujlwm ntawm nws tus kheej.
Txawm li cas los xij, vim tias PoS cov neeg sawv cev muab khoom plig sib npaug rau cov uas twb muaj feem ntau dua li cov uas siv nyiaj ntau tshaj plaws, nws tuaj yeem nyiam muaj. ib tug 'nplua nuj tau richer' nyhuv.
Tsuas yog, slashing muab lub sijhawm los tsim cov nqi zog heev rau cov neeg tawm tsam. Nws tuaj yeem rhuav tshem tus nqi uas lawv tuav tau zoo, thiab thaum kawg ua rau lawv tsis tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv kev tawm tsam vim lawv cov nodes raug tshem tawm ntawm kev pom zoo.
Andreas Antonopoulus tau tham txog yuav ua li cas hauv PoW yog tias koj tab tom tawm tsam hauv txoj kev no ces ib qho kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws yog hloov PoW algorithm thiab ua kom tag nrho cov ASICs uas twb muaj lawm tsis muaj nuj nqis (yog tias muaj lwm cov chains lawv tsis muaj nqis tiag tiag, tab sis yog tias Bitcoin yuav hloov ces lawv tus nqi yuav poob).
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yog qhov kev thov dav dav, thiab tsis yog tsom rau tus neeg tawm tsam, qhov twg raws li PoS tuaj yeem tsom tsuas yog tus 'phem' tus neeg ua yeeb yam.
PoW muaj qhov zoo rau token 'kev faib tawm,' los ntawm kev yuam kom hlawv cov cuab tam nyuaj (lub zog) txhawm rau kom tau txais cov nyiaj npib ntau dua, tab sis nws tsis tshua meej tias nws muaj qhov zoo rau kev ruaj ntseg mus ntev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum kev faib khoom tshiab qeeb lossis nres.
Ib qho kev sib tham tag nrho ntawm cov txheeb ze kev ruaj ntseg kev lag luam ntawm ob qhov kev teeb tsa yog dhau qhov peev txheej ntawm daim ntawv no.
Yuav ua li cas rau sharding?
Sharding tseem yog ib feem ntawm Vitalik's tsis pom kev ntawm Ethereum hauv 2021. Tab sis txij thaum ntawd los, roll-ups tau zoo dua thiab lub tswv yim tshiab hu ua 'danksharding' tau tshwm sim los ua qhov kev xaiv rau yav tom ntej rau Ethereum.
Thawj lub zeem muag ntawm sharding koom nrog nyias lub ntiaj teb uas yuav sib koom kev ruaj ntseg ntawm qib kev pom zoo. Cov shards no muab cais 'execution' ib puag ncig qhov twg qhov kev sib pauv thiab kev sib cuam tshuam yuav tshwm sim, thiab yuav xav tau cov qauv ntxiv kom tso cai rau kev sib txuas lus ntawm lawv. Qhov nyuaj ntawm lub zeem muag no tau ua rau nws tsis txaus siab rau lub sijhawm.
Dab tsi yog qhov roll-up?
Roll-ups yog me ntsis piv rau Vitalik's 'dab saws' uas nws tau piav nyob rau hauv 2014. Lawv yog cov zoo cais blockchains uas sim muab kev ruaj ntseg nrog lub hauv paus txheej.
Roll-ups ua lawv kev tua tawm ntawm lub ntsiab-chain thiab tom qab ntawd xa cov ntaub ntawv mus rau cov saw tseem ceeb. Optimistic roll-ups xav tias kev lag luam siv tau tshwj tsis yog tias muaj 'cov pov thawj kev dag ntxias' raug xa mus. Zero-knowledge roll-ups koom nrog cov validators rau lub dov-up xa cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj uas qhia tau hais tias cov kev pauv uas lawv tau ua yog siv tau.
Tam sim no lawv kuj yog lub zeem muag rau Ethereum's neej yav tom ntej.
Nyeem ntxiv: Dab tsi yog Ethereum roll-ups thiab vim li cas lawv tseem ceeb?
Dab tsi yog danksharding?
Dankshading yog lub zeem muag tshiab rau Ethereum scalability uas txhais tau tias yuav cuam tshuam nrog qhov tseeb tias roll-ups tsim thiab tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv ntau heev rau lub hauv paus txheej. Nws txhais tau hais tias muab txoj hauv kev rau cov nodes los xyuas kom meej tias cov ntaub ntawv muaj, tsis tas yuav txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv nws tus kheej.
Ethereum npaj siab tso siab rau lub tswv yim hu ua 'KZG cog lus,' uas vam khom rau kev tsim ib tug polynomial uas tso cai rau lwm cov nodes los xyuas cov ntaub ntawv yog encoded kom raug thaum ua ke nrog validators sampling kom paub tseeb tias cov ntaub ntawv muaj.
Rau qhov kev npaj ua haujlwm kom tsim nyog nws yuav tsum muaj txaus siab nodes khaws cov ntaub ntawv los ua ke ua ke, thiab cov nodes yuav tsum muaj peev xwm sib txuas lus nrog ib leeg kom rov tsim tag nrho cov block.
Danksharding cia siab rau kev sib cais ntawm tus neeg thov / tus tsim tsim kom ua haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis yog ib feem ntawm Kev Sib Koom Tes thiab yog hloov pauv ntawm txoj hauv kev ntawm Ethereum.
Dab tsi yog kev sib cais ntawm tus neeg tsim khoom / tus tsim?
Proposer/builder separation (PBS) yog ib txoj hauv kev los cais tawm lub tsev ntawm cov blocks thiab cov lus pom zoo ntawm cov blocks mus rau lwm lub network. Lub tswv yim yog tias Miner Extractable Value (MEV) muaj qhov cuam tshuam hauv nruab nrab hauv PoS, vim tias nws tso cai rau qee lub pob kom tau txais txiaj ntsig tsis zoo los ntawm lawv cov ceg txheem ntseeg. Kev cais tawm cov luag haujlwm no txhais tau hais tias kev ywj pheej nkag mus rau MEV thiab ua rau lub hauv paus tseem ceeb. kev txhawb siab.
Kev siv ntawm PBS tsis yog qhov kawg, tab sis lub tswv yim dav dav yog qhov ntawd block builders yuav xa bids thiab block headers. Proposers yuav xaiv ib tug header thiab bid, yuav nyiam qhov loj tshaj plaws twv. Ib pawg neeg pov thawj tias lub block header yog tus yeej header. Tus neeg tsim blocker qhia lub cev thaiv, thiab tom qab ntawd ib pawg neeg sib cais ua pov thawj rau qhov ntawd thiab nws tau ntxiv rau cov saw hlau.
Kev sib cais tus neeg tsim khoom / tus tsim tsis yog ib feem ntawm Kev Sib Koom Tes tab sis yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia rau Ethereum.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg siv hluav taws xob me me uas txhawj xeeb txog cov txheej txheem xav tau los tsim cov blocks tuaj yeem tso siab rau cov cuab yeej xws li Flashbots. MEV-boost. Qhov no yog lub cuab yeej uas tso cai rau cov neeg siv khoom siv los teeb tsa lawv cov nodes los nqa cov blocks xa mus rau lawv los ntawm 'relayers' uas xa cov blocks tag nrho ntawm MEV tsim los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom.
Nyeem ntxiv: Ethereum 2.0 tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov ceg txheem ntseeg me me, cov kws tshawb fawb pom
Vim li cas PBS tseem ceeb rau danksharding?
Nyob rau hauv luv luv, vim hais tias danksharding hloov ntau lub luag hauj lwm rau lub block builders. Lawv cia siab tias yuav rub tawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv, lub luag haujlwm uas nce ntxiv yuav dhau ntawm tus neeg siv khoom siv. Qhov no yog exacerbated nrog roll-ups raws li lawv tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv ntau heev. Validators yuav tsuas yog xyuas tias ib feem me me ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib qho thaiv.
Qhov no ua tau zoo 'shards' lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev khaws thiab tshuaj xyuas tias tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog muaj, tso cai rau kev ntsuas ntau dua.
Dab tsi lwm yam uas xav tau lossis pab tau rau danksharding?
Ethereum Txhim Kho Tswv Yim 4844 yog txhais tau los qhia 'Proto-Danksharding'. Nws tsis yog danksharding, raws li tag nrho cov validators tseem yuav tsum tau validate tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv, es lub luag hauj lwm yog 'sharded.'
Qhov nws ua yog hloov li cas cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm roll-ups khaws cia. Es tsis txhob nyob ib ncig ntawm indefinitely, lawv yuav hloov pruned tom qab ib hlis, uas pab txo tus nqi ntawm lub xeev uas validators yuav tsum tau nqa mus ntxiv.
Nws kuj hloov pauv li cas Ethereum tus nqi lag luam ua haujlwm, rhuav tshem cov ntaub ntawv no tawm ntawm kev suav Gas uas twb muaj lawm.
EIP-4844 tsis yog ib feem ntawm Merge tab sis yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia rau Ethereum.
Ethereum Txhim Kho Tswv Yim 4444 yog ib qho kev hloov pauv li cas cov neeg siv khoom siv cov ntaub ntawv rau lwm cov nodes. Nws xav kom cov nodes tsis tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm laus dua ib xyoos rau lwm cov nodes. Qhov no ua tau zoo kawg 'tag nrho sync,' qhov twg tib neeg yuav sync los ntawm thawj qhov thaiv. Hloov chaw lawv yuav pib los ntawm qhov chaw kuaj xyuas thiab sync los ntawm qhov ntawd.
EIP-4444 kuj yog ib feem ntawm txoj kev qhia rau Ethereum thiab tsis yog ib feem ntawm Merge.
Yuav ua li cas rau cov ntaub ntawv?
Cov lus teb luv luv yog tias nws khaws cia los ntawm lwm tus neeg. Cov neeg ntawd yog leej twg? Zoo uas yog qhov nyuaj me ntsis.
Cov ntawv thov tus kheej yuav xav tau nrhiav txoj hauv kev khaws thiab qhia cov ntaub ntawv ntawd, yog li Optimism thiab Arbitrum, piv txwv li, yuav raug txhawb kom ntseeg tau tias cov ntaub ntawv xav tau rau lawv cov ntawv thov tseem muaj.
Cov chaw muab kev pabcuam loj dua xws li Infura yuav muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov ntaub ntawv no thiab. EIP-4444 tshwj xeeb hais txog kev siv zog los ntawm Portal Network thiab Lub Daim Duab los muab kev lag luam thiab muaj rau cov ntaub ntawv.
Dab tsi yuav hloov rau cov neeg siv?
tsawg heev! Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov uas tsis nquag koom nrog kev pom zoo. Rau cov neeg uas yog, lawv yuav tsum tau hloov pauv los ntawm lawv qhov yuav muaj GPU raws li kev teeb tsa rau PoW rau kev teeb tsa rau PoS.
Nyeem ntxiv: Nov yog li cas cov neeg sab hauv tau txais kev nplua nuj tawm ntawm Ethereum Merge
Qhov no puas yuav ua rau kuv kev lag luam pheej yig dua?
Tsis yog, yam tsawg kawg tsis meaningful. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav nyob rau yav tom ntej. Yog tias Ethereum pib siv cov kauj ruam ntawm kev tsis muaj neeg nyob hauv xeev, thiab tsis tas yuav tsum muaj cov neeg siv khoom siv los rub tawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv, ces nws yuav muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev txwv roj.
Qhov no tsis zoo li yuav tshwm sim txog thaum tom qab PBS, tom qab EIP-4444, tom qab EIP-4844, thiab lwm yam. yuav tsum tsis txhob cia siab tam sim ntawd. Ntau yam ntawm cov kev hloov pauv no tseem yuav tso cai rau kev sib tw kom nce lawv cov kev sib tw, thiab cov nyiaj tau los yuav nce mus. Txawm li cas los xij, Merge thiab hloov mus rau POS nws tus kheej yuav tsis ua rau koj qhov kev lag luam pheej yig dua.
Qhov no puas yuav ua rau kuv cov khoom lag luam sai dua?
Tsis yog, yam tsawg kawg tsis meaningful.
Qhov no yuav ua tus lej nce?
Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tab sis qhia rau peb paub hauv Twitter.
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog xov xwm, ua raws li peb ntawm Twitter thiab Google Xov Xwm los yog mloog peb cov podcast tshawb nrhiav Innovated: Blockchain City.
Tau qhov twg los: https://protos.com/the-evolution-of-ethereum-2-0-your-questions-answered/