Lub acoustics foyer ntawm Bell Labs 'Murray Hill, NJ chaw tshawb fawb hauv xyoo 1942.
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Nyob rau hauv nws lub hnub qub, AT&T's Bell Labs yog qhov chaw ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab, zoo li Silicon Valley hnub no. Nrog AI chatbots hauv xov xwm, Kuv xav tsis thoob tias muaj dab tsi tshwm sim rau qhov tam sim no-tawm mus rau thaum ntxov version kuv siv ntawm lub chaw tshawb fawb muaj koob npe New Jersey chaw ua haujlwm.
By Amy Feldman: XNUMX Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk!, Forbes Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm
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yog ib tug menyuam yaus Bell Labs. Zoo li ntau tus uas loj hlob hauv Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, hauv txoj kev los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tshawb fawb zoo nkauj Murray Hill lub hauv paus, kuv muaj ib leej txiv uas ua haujlwm ntawm Bell Labs ua tus engineer.
Thaum nruab nrab xyoo 1970, thaum kuv tsis muaj tsev kawm ntawv, kuv txiv qee zaum coj kuv mus rau nws qhov chaw ua haujlwm thiab kuv yuav ua si rau Txiv Plig Liab, ib qho kev sib tham thaum ntxov. Nyob rau hauv ib chav tsev uas muaj hulking mainframe computers, kuv yuav zaum ntawm lub keyboard thiab ntaus rau liab Leej Txiv - lub ntsiab lus ntawm nws lub npe yog ploj mus rau keeb kwm, tab sis tej zaum alluding rau lub Cold War - thiab lub tshuab yuav teb los ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Piv nrog rau kev ua si hauv pawg tswj hwm zoo li Monopoly lossis Battleship, ua si nrog Txiv Plig Liab xav zoo li raug lees txais rau hauv zej zog zais cia, ib qho kev ua si tshwj xeeb uas tsuas yog peb cov uas tau ua rau hauv qhov chaw dawb huv ntawm Labs 'seater campus siv tau. Lub hom phiaj, hauv kuv lub siab, yog ua kom kev sib tham mus ntev li ntev tau ua ntej Leej Txiv Liab, ntxhov siab, yuav ntaus ntawv rov qab, "Mus tham nrog koj niam."
Nrog ChatGPT mus kis, kuv raug coj rov qab mus rau hnub ntawd thiab xav tsis thoob tias Leej Txiv Liab tau los ua dab tsi. Nws hloov tawm tias hauv keeb kwm ntawm chatbots, Txiv Plig Liab tsuas muaj nyob hauv kev nco ntawm ob peb tus neeg uas ua si. Tsis yog AT&T tus neeg sau keeb kwm lossis cov neeg ua haujlwm so haujlwm ntev ntawm Bell Labs tsis paub txog nws, thiab tom qab ntau lub xov tooj tsis tuaj yeem xa cov ntaub ntawv, kuv pib xav tias kuv tab tom caum tus dab. Muab Bell Labs 'keeb kwm ua qhov chaw tsim kho tshiab nrog cov kws tshawb fawb ib txwm ua si nrog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab, nws zoo li tias nws yog ib tus neeg nyiam txoj haujlwm, tej zaum tsim los rau kev lom zem ntawm nws, uas tsis tau los ze rau kev lag luam lub neej.
Peter Bosch, tam sim no 61, nco qab tias thaum nws muaj 14 xyoos nws txiv Bell Labs yuav coj cov khoom siv nrog nws los ntawm kev ua haujlwm kom nws tuaj yeem ua si nrog nws. Bosch, uas tau siv nws txoj haujlwm ua tus kws tshaj lij software hais tias, "Kuv tau nyiam thaum nws coj nws los tsev." Nws lub hom phiaj, tsis zoo li kuv, yog kom Leej Txiv Liab ntxhov siab sai li sai tau. Bosch hais tias "Koj qhov kev ua si yog kos nws tawm thiab peb qhov kev ua si yuav tsum tau mus rau nws sai li sai tau kom ua rau nws nyuaj siab," Bosch hais.
Kuv txiv dhau peb xyoos dhau los thaum muaj hnub nyoog 91, kuv tsis muaj peev xwm nug nws txog Leej Txiv Liab. Ntawm nws lub voj voog ntawm cov phooj ywg los ntawm cov hnub uas tseem nyob ib puag ncig, tsis muaj leej twg paub. Leej twg tsim qhov kev pab cuam yuav yog cov neeg laus heev los ntawm tam sim no, yog tias tseem muaj sia nyob.
AT&T tus neeg keeb kwm keeb kwm Sheldon Hochheiser, uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm ntawd txij li xyoo 1988, tau tshawb xyuas cov tuam txhab khaws ntaub ntawv thiab tuaj yeem khoob. Hoccheiser hais tias "Kuv tsuas tuaj yeem kwv yees, tab sis nws yuav tsis yog qhov txawv txav rau cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Bell Labs kom muaj cov haujlwm zoo li no," Hoccheiser hais.
Bell Labs 'Claude Shannon, uas tau ua qee qhov kev tshawb fawb ntxov tshaj plaws hauv kev kawm tshuab, ua kom pom tias nws cov nas hluav taws xob tuaj yeem kawm nws txoj hauv kev nyob ib puag ncig lub roob tsis muaj qhov yuam kev tom qab tsuas yog ib qho 'kev cob qhia' khiav hauv xyoo 1952.
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Niaj hnub no, Silicon Valley tau suav tias yog qhov chaw kub ntxhov ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab, tab sis nyob rau hauv nws lub hnub qub AT&T's Bell Labs tshawb fawb chaw yog qhov chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb thev naus laus zis. William Shockley thiab ob tug phooj ywg tau tsim lub transistor nyob rau hauv 1947 thiab yeej ib tug Nobel nqi zog. Ob xyoos tom qab, xyoo 1969, Bell Labs cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim lub Unix operating system. Thaum nws qhov siab tshaj plaws nyob rau xyoo 1960s, Bell Labs ua haujlwm txog 15,000 tus neeg, suav nrog 1,200 PhDs, raws li cov neeg sau xov xwm Jon Gertner tau hais hauv Lub Tswv Yim Factory: Tswb Labs thiab Lub Hnub Nyoog Zoo ntawm American Innovation. "Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm ua ntej Google, lub Labs txaus raws li lub teb chaws txoj kev txawj ntse utopia," Gertner sau.
Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txawj ntse utopia, Bell Labs 'Claude Shannon, paub zoo tshaj plaws los tsim cov ntaub ntawv kev tshawb xav, tau ua qee qhov kev tshawb fawb ntxov tshaj plaws hauv kev kawm tshuab. Hauv kev ua yeeb yaj kiab thaum ntxov xyoo 1950, nws tau qhia tias lub neej zoo li cas nas lub npe hu ua Theseus navigated nws txoj kev nyob ib ncig ntawm lub roob, nco ntsoov cov lus qhia uas ua haujlwm rau yav tom ntej. "Nws tuaj yeem kawm tau los ntawm kev paub," Shannon hais hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab. "Nws tuaj yeem ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab hloov mus rau kev hloov pauv."
Txawm hais tias Shannon txoj haujlwm tau pab ncaws pob pib kawm tshuab thiab ua rau txoj hauv kev rau AI, Hochheiser, tus kws sau keeb kwm AT&T, hais tias hauv Bell Labs cov ntaub ntawv lo lus "kev txawj ntse" tsis tshwm sim hauv cov npe ntawm ib qho kev nco txog txog 1980s. . Hochheiser hais tias "Kuv tsis muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau ntau los teb cov lus nug ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm Shannon thiab 1980s," Hochheiser hais. "Yog tias koj saib tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm AI, qhov teeb meem yog tias ua txhua yam nrog kev txawj ntse koj xav tau lub zog siv computer ntau dua li cov khoos phis tawj ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd."
Keeb kwm ntawm chatbots hnub rau xyoo 1960 ntawm MIT. Xyoo 1966, MIT tus kws tshawb fawb hauv computer Joseph Weizenbaum tau tsim Eliza, hu nws tom qab Eliza Doolittle hauv "Kuv Tus Poj Niam Ncaj Ncees."
"Qhov kev pab cuam Eliza simulated kev sib tham ntawm tus neeg mob thiab tus kws kho mob hlwb los ntawm kev siv ib tug neeg cov lus teb los tsim lub computer cov lus teb," raws li MIT's obituary ntawm Weizenbaum. Txawm hais tias Eliza lub peev xwm sib txuas lus raug txwv, cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab lwm tus uas siv nws tau rub los rau nws, qee zaum nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus zoo ntawm lawv lub neej. Thaum Eliza tau dhau los ua qhov kev tshoov siab rau lwm cov chatbots thaum ntxov, Weizenbaum tau dhau los ua kev tsis txaus siab nrog AI thiab tom qab ntawd hauv nws lub neej tau ceeb toom tawm tsam kev nce qib thev naus laus zis uas nws tau tsim ib zaug. Hauv nws phau ntawv 1976, Khoos phis tawj fais fab thiab tib neeg lub laj thawj: Los ntawm Kev Txiav Txim mus rau suav, nws ceeb toom txog lub peev xwm dehumanization ntawm kev txiav txim siab hauv computer.
Dave Clark, tus kws tshawb fawb laus hauv MIT Computer Science thiab Artificial Intelligence Laboratory hais tias, "Joe tsis txaus siab los ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim rau Eliza, thiab nws tau dhau los ua neeg thuam ntawm AI kev cia siab," hais tias Dave Clark, tus kws tshawb fawb laus hauv MIT Computer Science thiab Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, uas paub Weizenbaum. Eliza yog thawj zaug sau ua lus hauv computer programming uas Weizenbaum tau tsim lub npe hu ua SLIP, thiab Clark hais tias nws "yuav tsum twv" tias Weizenbaum tsim Eliza los qhia cov lus. Clark hais tias "Nws xav qhia tias nws tuaj yeem ua li cas nrog nws," Clark hais. "Thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau spooked."
Bell Labs cov kws tshawb fawb (sab laug mus rau sab xis) John Bardeen, William Shockley thiab Walter Brattain yeej qhov khoom plig Nobel xyoo 1956 rau lawv qhov kev tsim ntawm transistor.
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Tswb Labs 'Liab Leej Txiv ua haujlwm zoo ib yam li Eliza, thiab tej zaum tau ua qauv rau nws. Bosch hais tias "Nws yuav sim txheeb xyuas ntau cov ntaub ntawv tawm ntawm qhov koj tau nkag mus, thiab siv qhov ntawd los teb rau koj," Bosch hais. "Nws yog ib qho kev sim ntxov ntawm kev sib tham sib tham nrog lub computer. Feem ntau nws siv rau, 'Qhov ntawd ua rau koj xav li cas?' thiab 'Kuv thov txim koj tsis nyiam txiv tsawb,' los yog yam ntawd. Ntau lub sijhawm nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm qhov nws tuaj yeem rub tawm ntawm koj cov ntawv. "
Tseem, nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm niaj hnub buzz nyob ib ncig ntawm chatbots, nws yog txawv txawv thiab fascinating uas tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws. Hochheiser hais tias "Ntau zaus, zoo li Leej Txiv Liab, cov khoom no tsis muaj ntaub ntawv zoo," Hochheiser hais. "Nws yog qhov tseeb thaum peb rov qab saib keeb kwm ntawm Bell Labs uas cov kws tshawb fawb tau muab ntau txoj hauv kev uas lawv xav kawm." Ib yam li Silicon Valley niaj hnub no, nws hais tias, cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau nyob hauv lawv qhov chaw sim "txawm li cas los xij lawv xav tias zoo li nyob ntawd," thiab nqa cov khoom uas lawv tau tsim hauv tsev.
A. Michael Noll, tus kws tshaj lij ntawm University of Southern California uas ua haujlwm ntawm Bell Labs hauv xyoo 1960 thiab tau sau ib tsab ntawv nco txog nws, nco txog lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua haujlwm rau txhua hom kev mob siab rau hauv lub Labs 'kev zoo siab. Nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm digital computer art. "Nws yog txhua yam koj hnov txog hauv Silicon Valley hnub no," nws hais.
Thaum Noll, 83, tsis paub dab tsi txog Leej Txiv Liab, nws hais tias nws yuav tsis xav tsis thoob rau ib tug neeg, tej zaum hauv cheeb tsam Unix lossis hauv kev hais lus, tau los nrog nws sab. Nws hais tias "Muaj ntau yam uas peb tau ua rau kev lom zem," nws hais. Tom qab tag nrho, nws hais tias, Tswb Labs yog ib feem ntawm AT&T thiab lub tuam txhab niam txiv tau xav ntau dua rau kev hloov xov tooj tshiab dua li hauv computer kos duab - lossis hauv kev sib tham thaum ntxov uas, rau lawv, tsis muaj cov ntawv thov kev lag luam pom tseeb. Nws hais tias "Tib neeg tab tom nrhiav rau txhua yam no uas tsis yog kev lag luam," nws hais. “Cov npe yog tej zaum ib mais ntev. Peb muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm Bell Labs ua tej yam txawv ib ntus. "
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Tau qhov twg los: https://www.forbes.com/sites/amyfeldman/2023/04/02/the-thrill-and-the-mystery-of-a-1970s-bell-labs-ai-chatbot-known-as- liab-txiv/