Seafloor Mining rau cov hlau tsis tshua muaj - Lub tswv yim ci ntsa iab lossis lwm qhov kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig?

Kaum ob ntawm cov thawj coj hauv ntiaj teb los ntawm 55 lub teb chaws tau nqis los ntawm Chaw nres nkoj ntawm Brest hauv Fab Kis lub lim tiam no rau lub rooj sib tham ntawm Ib Dej Hiav Txwv, ib lub rooj sib tham thoob ntiaj teb kev nom kev tswv uas tsis tau muaj dua los hais txog ntau yam ntawm cov teeb meem hauv hiav txwv, los ntawm kev nuv ntses ntau dhau mus rau cov pa phem yas mus rau piracy.

Tab sis ib qho teeb meem - seafloor mining - zoo li hog qhov xim. Fab Kis Thawj Tswj Hwm Emmanuel Macron tau sim muab nws txoj kev txhawb nqa rau lub tswv yim, txheeb xyuas qhov kev tshawb nrhiav dej hiav txwv raws li kev nqis peev tseem ceeb rau Fabkis, qhia txog lub peev xwm ntawm kev nkag mus rau "tsis tshua muaj hlau" nrog rau kev nkag siab zoo dua ntawm marine ecosystems.

Txawm li cas los xij, ntau pawg neeg ib puag ncig tawm tsam lub tswv yim, hais tias nws yuav ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau lub neej hauv hiav txwv, suav nrog cov tsiaj uas tseem tsis tau pom dua.

Nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv no lub lim tiam no los ntawm Senator Lisa Murkowski rau Secretary of Energy Jennifer Granholm, Murkowski muab qhov teeb meem ntawm seafloor mining pem hauv ntej thiab nruab nrab, taw qhia tias Tebchaws Meskas tsis tau pom zoo rau United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), yog li peb tsis yog ib feem ntawm kev sib tham txog cov kev cai tswj hwm seabed mining.

Tsis muaj kev sib cav hais tias cov hlau tseem ceeb xws li Co, Li, Te thiab Nd yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub neej yav tom ntej uas muaj cov pa roj carbon tsawg yog tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txuas dua tshiab thiab hluav taws xob yuav tsum ua lub luag haujlwm loj.

Tsis tas li ntawd tsis muaj kev sib cav hais tias peb tsis txaus siab rau kev muab cov hlau no, ib qho khoom siv uas feem ntau yog npau suav phem ib puag ncig thiab kev sib raug zoo.

Cov khib nyiab los ntawm Li, graphite thiab high-purity-Si ua tau rhuav tshem tag nrho cov zos thiab ecosystems hauv Suav teb, Indonesia thiab Bolivia, thiab lwm yam. Amelikas tseem tab tom cuam tshuam nrog cov kua qaub mine tso los ntawm 120 xyoo ntawm kev khawb av. Thiab zoo li cov ntshav pob zeb diamond, ib nrab ntawm Co cov khoom siv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo rau menyuam yaus.

Yog vim li cas qhov no tseem ceeb heev yog tias ntau tus neeg uas txhawb nqa lub zog tshiab hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv tsis yog fossil fuels thiab rov ua dua tshiab, hluav taws xob tsheb, kev txuag thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo, kuj tseem saib xyuas cov teeb meem kev sib raug zoo uas ntau ntawm cov thev naus laus zis no koom nrog hauv lawv txoj kev lag luam - kev noj nyiaj txiag. , ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug, kev txom nyem heev thiab kev ua haujlwm menyuam yaus.

Tsis yog cov duab nrhiav los ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub khw muag kasfes ntxoov ntxoo hauv internet rau cov qe dawb ntawm lawv lub iPhones.

Yog li cov hlau tshiab yuav tsum xav txog lawv lub neej-kho cov pa roj carbon hneev taw, ib puag ncig muaj kuab lom thiab cuam tshuam rau kev ncaj ncees. Txhua tus pom zoo tias kev rov ua dua cov hlau uas peb muaj yog qhov ua tau zoo, tab sis peb yuav xav tau ib txhiab npaug ntawm cov hlau tseem ceeb uas peb muaj tam sim no, txawm tias peb rov ua dua 100%.

Geologists tau ntev paub tias hauv av dej hiav txwv yog chock tag nrho ntawm cov hlau - Cu, Ni, Ag, Au, Pt thiab txawm pob zeb diamond. Manganese nodules yog polymetallic pob zeb concretions uas pw loosely nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv pem teb los yog faus nyob rau hauv ntiav nyob rau hauv cov av.

Cov nodules tshwm sim nyob rau hauv feem ntau dej hiav txwv, txawm nyob rau hauv tej lub pas dej, thiab muaj ntau nyob rau hauv abyssal plains ntawm lub tob dej hiav txwv ntawm 4,000 thiab 6,000 meters (13,000 thiab 20,000 ft). Cov nodules tuaj yeem sau los ntawm hiav txwv hauv qab yooj yim.

Lub Clarion-Clipperton Zone yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov cheeb tsam kev lag luam, hais txog qhov loj ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab nthuav tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub poob ntawm Mexico mus rau Hawaii. Lub cheeb tsam no tseem yog pem hauv ntej thiab qhov chaw nyob rau hauv One Ocean Summit lub lim tiam no. Tag nrho cov loj ntawm manganese nodules nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no yog tshaj 21 billion tons. Lwm qhov chaw tseem ceeb suav nrog Peru Basin, Penrhyn Basin ze Cook Islands, thiab Central Indian Ocean.

Cov cheeb tsam no tau saib xyuas los ntawm United Nations International Seabed Authority (ISA).

Tsis zoo li cov hlau ore nyob rau hauv av uas tsis tshua muaj hlau yields siab tshaj 20%, thiab feem ntau tsawg dua 2%, cov seabed nodules yog 99% cov zaub mov siv tau - 33% hlau thiab cov khoom siv tau zoo hauv cov khoom xws li kev tsim khoom sib sau thiab chiv vim tsis muaj tshuaj lom. qib ntawm cov khoom hnyav xws li mercury lossis arsenic.

Yog li ntawd tsis muaj tshuaj lom tailings lossis mining pov tseg zoo li hauv av, tsis muaj deforestation, tsis qhib pits, tsis muaj paug dej los yog aquifers, thiab tsis muaj tailings impoundments.

Seabed mining tsis siv me nyuam ua hauj lwm zoo li feem ntau ntawm cov av mining ua. Thiab nws muaj lub neej-kho cov pa roj carbon hneev taw uas yog 90% tsawg dua av mining.

Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Paulikas et al. (2020) nrog rau lwm cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam, sib piv cov av thiab dej hiav txwv mining los ntawm lub kaum os ib puag ncig kev pom thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias dej hiav txwv mining yog 70% mus rau 99% cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig tsawg dua li av mining hauv txhua pawg.

Yog li dab tsi tsis nyiam txog qhov no?

Ntau heev tsuas yog cov teebmeem hauv vaj tse. Cov mining, siv thiab ntxuav ntawm manganese nodules tuaj yeem tsim cov sediments, suab nrov thiab vibrations.

Yog li cov lus nug loj, thiab qhov kev txiav txim siab zaum kawg, yog - puas yog qhov zoo ntawm cov pa roj carbon, cov pa phem thiab kev ncaj ncees hauv zej zog tseem ceeb dua li qhov kev puas tsuaj rau hauv av dej hiav txwv? Thiab peb puas tuaj yeem txo qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm ecosystem?

Lub Tuam Txhab Hlau yeej xav li ntawd. Hlau yog ib lub tuam txhab Canadian ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm ISA-tso cai ntawm Clarion-Clipperton Zone. Lawv tau ua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ib puag ncig ib puag ncig ntau xyoo kom nkag siab zoo thiab txo qis kev tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj rau ib puag ncig. Muaj ob peb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw, thiab cov txheej txheem, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb.

Clarion Clipperton Zone yog ib qhov chaw tsim khoom tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm dej hiav txwv, nrog rau ib qho ntawm cov chaw biomass qis tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, zoo li cov suab puam hauv av. Lub Abyssal CCZ yog lub tsev rau 300 npaug ntawm biomass tsawg dua li qhov nruab nrab biome ntawm thaj av, thiab txog li 3000 npaug tsawg dua piv rau cov hav zoov hav zoov uas muaj ntau qhov kev siv tsuas yog siv qhov chaw. Tsis muaj cov nroj tsuag, 70% ntawm lub neej muaj xws li cov kab mob, thiab feem ntau cov kab mob me dua 4cm.

Kuv tsis xav ua kom tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis Kurt Vonnegut tau sau tseg tias tsis muaj ib qho khoom noj su dawb, yog li peb yuav tsum mine cov cheeb tsam uas muaj cov kab mob tsawg tshaj plaws thiab ntau haiv neeg txij li thaum peb yuav mine qhov chaw. Ua li ntawd los yog lo nrog fossil fuels.

Raws li cov sediment tso rau hauv dej kem, kev sim ua hauj lwm ua los ntawm MIT, Scripps thiab The Metals Co qhia tau hais tias tsis tshua muaj siab dilution ntawm sediment concentration ib liter nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm paug. Thiab kev sim ua haujlwm qhia tau hais tias 20 qhov kev ua haujlwm ib txhij sau 3Mpta (ntub) ntawm nodules yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj cov ntsiab lus siab kom nce siab dua qib tom qab ntsuas hauv CCZ.

Tsis tas li ntawd, yog tias tag nrho cov khoom nkag mus rau hauv dej kem los ntawm cov kev khiav dej num no sai sai rau hauv seafloor CCZ cheeb tsam, qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim yuav yog 0.02 micrograms ib xyoos twg - tsuas yog 2% ntawm qhov pom cov sedimentation nyob rau hauv CCZ ntawm 1 microgram ib xyoo.

Raws li 11 qhov kev cuam tshuam hauv hiav txwv thiab kev lag luam mining kev tshawb fawb, ecological rov qab cov nqi rau cov nodule sau tau qis dua cov mining nyob rau hauv av - kaum xyoo piv rau millenia.

Lub ISA tau tso tseg ntau thaj chaw rau kev tiv thaiv (1.44million km2) dua li tam sim no nyob rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiav (1.1 lab km2) thiab cov neeg cog lus yuav teeb tsa thaj chaw ntxiv thiab tawm hauv qab 15% ntawm cov nodules txhawm rau pab rov qab los ntxiv.

Thaum kawg, kev tshawb fawb tab tom ua yuav txiav txim siab qhov twg nws yog qhov zoo tshaj kom rov qab cov txheej txheem dej. Nws zoo li nyob ib ncig ntawm 1,500 meters, zoo hauv qab thaj tsam eupotic, qhov uas tsis zoo li yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov kab mob hauv cov kab dej thiab qhov kub ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov dej thiab cov dej hauv dej hiav txwv hauv av yuav tsis ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj. .

Txhua tus tau hais, cov txheej txheem no tsis zoo li yuav ua rau muaj kev tuag ntau heev li ntshai los ntawm ntau tus, suav nrog kuv tus kheej.

Tsis zoo li kev ua haujlwm hauv av, feem ntau cov neeg sau dej hiav txwv tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau sab saum toj 5 cm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, thiab yuav coj cov dej ntws mus rau qhov sib npaug nrog cov dej hiav txwv kom txhawb nqa cov nodules yam tsis tau kov lawv.

Qhov no tsis yog hais tias kev ua haujlwm yuav zoo tag nrho, tab sis nws yuav muaj ntau, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua li kev ua haujlwm hauv av, thiab yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws kom tau txais cov hlau tseem ceeb ntawm tam sim no thiab 2050.

Tom qab ntawd cia siab tias, peb yuav rov ua dua kom txaus tias txhua qhov kev tsuas xav tau dhau lub sijhawm ntawd yuav tsawg.