Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, feem ntau hu ua pawg thev naus laus zis, yog kev sib txuas ntawm cov cuab yeej software, lub hauv paus, thiab cov thev naus laus zis siv los tsim thiab khiav cov ntawv thov digital lossis lub vev xaib. Nws zoo ib yam li lub hauv paus thiab lub tsev blocks ntawm cov qauv, qhov twg txhua feem muaj lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua kom cov ntawv thov kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm.
Hauv lub ntiaj teb ntawm kev txhim kho blockchain, cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tau dhau los ua qhov sib txawv, suav nrog blockchain platforms, cov lus cog lus ntse, kev daws teeb meem khaws cia, thiab ntau dua. Raws li cov toj roob hauv pes digital txuas ntxiv mus, kev nkag siab thiab xaiv cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis uas tsim nyog tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho daim ntawv thov kev vam meej.
Cheebtsam ntawm ib pawg tech
Ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais, ib pawg tech tau muab faib ua ob yam tseem ceeb: lub frontend (los yog tus neeg siv-sab) thiab backend (los yog server-sab).
frontend: Qhov no yog qhov pom ntawm daim ntawv thov uas cov neeg siv cuam tshuam nrog ncaj qha. Nws suav nrog txhua yam uas tus neeg siv tau ntsib ncaj qha: cov ntawv xim thiab cov qauv, cov nyees khawm, cov duab, sliders, thiab lwm yam. Cov thev naus laus zis uas siv nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej suav nrog HTML, CSS, thiab JavaScript, nrog rau cov txheej txheem xws li React, Angular, thiab Vue.js.
backend: Qhov no yog qhov qab-tus-scenes ib feem ntawm daim ntawv thov, lub luag hauj lwm rau khaws cia thiab npaj cov ntaub ntawv, kom ntseeg tau tias txhua yam ntawm lub frontend khiav smoothly, thiab tswj tag nrho cov logic ntawm daim ntawv thov. Nws muaj ib lub server, daim ntawv thov, thiab database. Nrov backend technologies suav nrog server ib puag ncig zoo li Node.js lossis Ruby ntawm Rails, thiab cov ntaub ntawv xws li PostgreSQL, MongoDB, thiab MySQL.
Xaiv cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua tiav ntawm daim ntawv thov. Qhov kev txiav txim siab feem ntau yog nyob ntawm ntau yam, suav nrog qhov kev xav tau ntawm qhov project, pab pawg kev txawj ntse, kev xav tau ntawm scalability, thiab kev txwv nyiaj txiag. Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tau xaiv tau zoo tuaj yeem txhim kho cov txheej txheem txhim kho, txhim kho cov neeg siv kev paub dhau los, thiab ua kom daim ntawv thov muaj txiaj ntsig mus ntev.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias thaum muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev siv thev naus laus zis los thiab mus, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb tseem yog tib yam: los tsim kom muaj kev siv zog, siv tau zoo, thiab siv tau zoo. Yog li ntawd, thaum xaiv ib pawg tech, nws raug nquahu kom ua qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb tshaj li kev lag luam nrov.
Txheej ntawm Blockchain Tech Stack
Txhawm rau nkag siab cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm blockchain tech pawg, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb kom pom nws cov qauv. Ntawm nws lub hauv paus, cov duab qhia txog ntau yam programmable chains, feem ntau hu ua txheej-1 (L1) blockchains. Interestingly, txheej-2 (L2) blockchains kuj yog ib feem ntawm lub hauv paus txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub blockchain developer tech pawg. Cov chains no ua raws li tus txha caj qaum, muab cov tes hauj lwm, kev cai, thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv Internet.
Kev nce los ntawm blockchain tes hauj lwm, cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov nodes, APIs, kev sib xyaw ntawm Web3 thiab Web2 cov cuab yeej tsim kho, thiab cov platforms. Ntawm qhov kawg, peb pom dApps. Ua ke, cov khoom no sawv cev rau cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis niaj hnub tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho blockchain. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov uas xav paub tshwj xeeb hauv kev txhim kho dApp, tsis yog txhua txheej yuav muaj qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha. Thiab txawm hais tias qhov pom kev sawv cev yog qhov tseem ceeb, nws muaj txiaj ntsig los khaws nws cov ntsiab lus thaum peb tshawb txog lub ntsiab lus.
Yog li, txheej twg koj ntseeg tias garners nyiam tshaj plaws los ntawm cov neeg siv? Yog tias "dApps" yog koj qhov kwv yees, koj ntaus lub cim. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov qhov no vim tias, thaum tsis muaj cov neeg siv-centric dApps, blockchain thev naus laus zis txaus ntshai dhau los ua qhov kev hloov pauv tsis zoo.
Yog li, kev paub txog kev kos duab ntawm crafting dApps yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob txuas ntxiv thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Web3. Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kawg yog los koom nrog cov neeg siv kawg hauv qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.
Nkag siab txog Blockchain Development Tech Stack
Tom qab nkag siab cov ntsiab lus ua ntej, nws yog lub sijhawm los dhia mus rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm blockchain tech pawg. Peb yuav pib peb txoj kev tshawb nrhiav los ntawm lub hauv paus txheej txheem thiab nce mus rau saum. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txhua txheej ntawm blockchain developer tech pawg, koj yuav tau npaj rau kev taug kev hauv blockchain toj roob hauv pes nrog kev lees paub.
Blockchain Networks
Qhov txheej txheem hauv paus no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub ntiaj teb ntawm kev txhim kho blockchain thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm Web3. Nyob rau hauv nws tsis muaj, peb yuav raug kaw nyob rau hauv centralized systems. Feem ntau, Ethereum network tseem yog tus thawj coj hauv kev sau npe ntawm cov programmable blockchains, tuav nws txoj haujlwm raws li kev txhawb nqa dav dav. Nws qhov kev pioneering tau tso cai rau nws kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thaum ntxov, ua rau pib ntawm Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev cov nyom xws li kev nce nqi kev lag luam thiab cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv lub network ntawm Ethereum ua rau muaj kev tshwm sim ntawm lwm txoj kev sib txuas, ua kom cov ecosystem muaj ntau txoj kev xaiv.
Kev txhim kho-taw qhia txog blockchains tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob ntu:
EVM-tshaj chains thiab tsis-EVM-tshaj chains. Raws li tau hais tseg, yav dhau los ua ke nrog Ethereum qhov chaw virtual, ua rau cov neeg tsim khoom siv feem ntau ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim los rau Ethereum. Hloov pauv, cov saw hlau uas tsis yog EVM tau ua haujlwm ntawm lawv qhov sib txawv virtual platforms. Ntawm no yog ib qho snapshot ntawm renowned blockchains los ntawm ob pawg:
Txheej-1 Blockchains suav nrog:
- Ethereum
- avalanche
- Cronos
- Fantom
- BNB Chain
- Solana
- NEJ PAUB
- flow
Txheej-2 Blockchains suav nrog:
- polygon
- kev txiav txim
- optimism
- Hermez
Nkag siab Nodes
Ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais, cov nodes txuas nrog lawv cov neeg sib tw hauv tib lub blockchain. Txhua tag nrho cov node, ntawm lwm yam, tsev ib tug kev replica ntawm lub blockchain lub xeev tam sim no. Kev faib tawm thiab kev sib kis ntawm cov nodes nyob rau hauv ib qho tshwj xeeb blockchain network ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab lub network degree ntawm decentralization.
Kev koom nrog cov nodes yog qhov tseem ceeb, vim lawv ua raws li lub qhov rooj sib txuas lus nrog blockchain thiab khaws nws cov ntaub ntawv. Kos ib qho piv txwv nrog kev txhim kho lub vev xaib ib txwm muaj, ib yam li ib tus tsis ncaj qha koom nrog CPU hauv Web2 daim ntawv thov, nws yog qhov laj thawj tsis cuam tshuam ncaj qha nrog blockchain hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm Web3.
Thaum, nyob rau hauv txoj kev xav, leej twg tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm node, cov kev coj ua tau zoo dua. Kev khiav hauj lwm ntawm lub node feem ntau xav tau kev mob siab rau, xav tau ib pab neeg rau nws cov kev tu, xyuas kom cov thaub qab tsis tu ncua, thiab hais txog lwm yam kev ua haujlwm.
Muab cov kev nyuaj no, nws tsis tsim nyog los cia siab tias txhua tus Web3 tus tsim tawm los tswj lawv cov node. Cov nyiaj hauv ob sab phlu ntawm no yog lub xub ntiag ntawm cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb, tshem tawm qhov xav tau rau cov neeg tsim khoom los khiav lawv tus kheej. Cov neeg muab kev pabcuam no tsim cov pob txha ntawm cov txheej txheem no hauv blockchain developer tech pawg. Cov npe nrov hauv cov chaw muab kev pabcuam no suav nrog Infura, Alchemy, Chainstack, Getblock, Pocket Network, QuickNode, thiab RunNode.
Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee qhov kev txwv rau cov nodes. Ib qho ntawm ib qho yog feem ntau kaw rau ib qho tshwj xeeb blockchain thiab tsis txuas ntxiv mus rau ntau daim ntawv cog lus ntse cuam tshuam nrog cryptocurrency tokens. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov node muab yog raw, thiab ncaj qha muab rho tawm los ntawm blockchain yam tsis muaj kev kho kom zoo.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm APIs
Rau cov neeg paub txog computer science, lub tswv yim ntawm APIs (application programming interfaces) tsis yog neeg txawv. Cov no yog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab cov txheej txheem tsim los pab txhawb kev tsim thiab kev koom ua ke ntawm software siv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm blockchain, Web3 APIs ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho cov ntawv thov kev ncaj ncees (dApps).
Ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus, APIs muab cov txheej txheem txheej txheem tso cai rau cov software sib txawv los sib txuas lus seamlessly. High-quality APIs xyuas kom meej tias cov neeg tsim khoom tuaj yeem ua raws li qhov chaw nyob ruaj khov. Lub blockchain ecosystem boasts ntau qhov kev hwm Web3 API muab. Ntawm cov tseem ceeb yog Covalent, QuickNode, Lub Graph, Bitquery, Alchemy, thiab Biconomy.
Nws tseem muaj feem cuam tshuam rau qhov tseem ceeb uas cov ntaub ntawv qhia ntxaws nrog cov API muab. Piv txwv li, Moralis 'cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog cov piv txwv ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv siv dav dav ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus kawg. Qhov no equips developers nrog lub peev xwm los teb ib tug ntau ntawm cov lus nug siv concise code segments.
Web3 thiab Web2 Kev Txhim Kho Cov Cuab Yeej thiab Platforms
Txawm hais tias nws yuav zoo li muaj laj thawj rau kev sib koom ua ke thib peb thiab plaub txheej ntawm blockchain tech pawg, muab tias APIs yog cov cuab yeej tsim kho, lawv qhov tseem ceeb tau lees paub qhov txawv.
Cov txheej no encapsulates siab dua-tier software abstractions thiab cov tsev qiv ntawv pem hauv ntej, feem ntau hu ua txheej nthuav qhia. Nws suav nrog Web3-cov tsev qiv ntawv tshwj xeeb, kev txhim kho ib puag ncig, thiab cov kev daws teeb meem khaws cia zoo li IPFS.
Tsis tas li ntawd, txheej txheej ntawm blockchain tech pawg koom ua ke ib txwm siv kev txhim kho platforms. Leveraging robust cross-platform APIs, xws li cov muab los ntawm Moralis, cov neeg tsim khoom tuaj yeem siv lub npe nrov platforms xws li Firebase, Supabase, thiab PlayFab los tsim cov dApps.
dApps
Los txog ntawm qhov kawg ntawm blockchain tus tsim khoom siv thev naus laus zis, peb ntsib dApps lossis daim ntawv thov kev lag luam. Cov ntawv thov no tshwm sim hauv ntau hom ntawv, xws li DeFi platforms thiab DEXs mus rau kev txheeb xyuas tus kheej dApps, NFT kev lag luam, thiab cov ntaub ntawv-centric dApps. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv qab no ua tiav hauv cov txheej txheem saum toj kawg nkaus. Rau cov neeg siv nruab nrab Web3, lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam feem ntau yog nrog cov txheej txheem no.
Thaum lub Web3 tus tsim tawm lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog dApp tsim, lawv kuj siv dApps uas twb muaj lawm los ua kom cov txheej txheem. Piv txwv li, Web3 hnab nyiaj zoo li MetaMask ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov nqi sib pauv thaum lub sij hawm siv daim ntawv cog lus ntse thiab kev sim dApp.
Cov txheej no muab ib daim ntaub rau kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev tsim kho tshiab. Lub luag haujlwm yog nyob ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom los nthuav qhia tus neeg siv khoom txaus siab (UI) thiab ua kom muaj kev paub tsis sib xws (UX). Cov ntsej muag no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhawb nqa blockchain thev naus laus zis rau hauv lub ntsiab.
Sab saum toj Web3 Kev Txhim Kho Ib puag ncig
Rau Web3 cov neeg tsim tawm pib taug kev ntawm dApp tsim, kev xaiv ntawm blockchain network yog qhov tseem ceeb. Ib qho kev ntsuas tseem ceeb yog qhov ntau thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim tawm ntawm lawv pov tseg.
Cov nyiaj hauv ob sab phlu rau cov uas xaiv rau EVM-tshaj chains yog cov keeb kwm nplua nuj ntawm Ethereum txoj kev loj hlob keeb kwm, muab ntau yam ntawm kev sim-thiab-kev sim kev loj hlob ib puag ncig.
lub kaus mom tawv
Qhov chaw tsim kho JavaScript-centric no yog ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov neeg tsim khoom lag luam txhawm rau sau, sim, xa tawm, thiab daws teeb meem Ethereum daim ntawv thov. Hardhat's extensibility los ntawm plugins tso cai rau kev tsim kho hauv zos blockchain txhim kho teeb tsa. Ntxiv mus, nws cov ntaub ntawv dav dav pab hauv kev daws teeb meem tsis sib haum xeeb thiab daws teeb meem.
Truffle suite
Ua ke nrog peb ntawm JavaScript-oriented developer cov cuab yeej-Truffle, Ganache, thiab Drizzle-lub suite no yog cov cuab yeej siv dav rau EVM kev txhim kho.
- Truffle: Ua hauj lwm raws li lub ntsiab kev loj hlob platform, muab kev sim thiab xa mus functionality.
- Ganache: Ua kom yooj yim rau kev tsim kho sai ntawm lub zos blockchain.
- Drizzle: Muab cov ntawv sau los ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv frontend, txuas cov ntsiab lus frontend nrog cov ntawv cog lus ntse.
Brownie
Raws li kev sib koom ua ke rau Hardhat thiab Truffle, Brownie yog Python-tsav lub moj khaum tsim rau EVM kev txhim kho. Nws nthuav tawm cov khoom siv dav dav ntawm Web3 tus tsim khoom siv hluav taws xob, feem ntau siv cov pob web3.py rau dApp suav nrog, kuaj, thiab xa tawm.
Kev Txhim Kho Ib puag ncig rau Non-EVM Blockchains
Ib qho kev sib txawv tsis ntev los no hauv blockchain sau yog qhov nce hauv dApp txoj kev loj hlob ntawm non-EVM blockchains.
Cov neeg tawm tswv yim ntawm cov tes hauj lwm no feem ntau thuam EVM chains rau kev sib txuas ntau dhau rau Ethereum lub hauv paus, tawm tswv yim rau kev tsim kho tshiab los ntawm cov qauv tshiab. Feem ntau, tsis yog-EVM blockchains ua ntej cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev lag luam scalability, kom ntseeg tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.
Piv txwv ntawm Non-EVM Blockchains suav nrog:
- Solana: Ib Txheej 1 platform siv Rust rau kev cog lus ntse.
- Nyob ze: Lwm Txheej Txheej 1 platform, nyiam Rust lossis Assembly Script rau kev tsim daim ntawv cog lus ntse.
- Astar: Lub Parachain txuas rau Polkadot ecosystem nrog cov txheej txheem-1 blockchains.
Txawm hais tias kev loj hlob ib puag ncig rau cov tsis-EVM chains tej zaum yuav tsis paub tab, qee cov tes hauj lwm yog cov pioneering cov cuab yeej tsim kho kom haum rau lawv cov platforms.
Piv txwv li, Flow equips developers nrog cov cuab yeej los soj ntsuam Cadence ntse daim ntawv cog lus rau tej yam teeb meem, leveraging ib haiv neeg extension rau Visual Studio Code-ib qho ntawm feem ntau nrhiav-tom qab Integrated Development Environments (IDEs).
Lwm qhov tseem ceeb uas tsis yog-EVM txoj kev loj hlob ib puag ncig yog Anchor, tsim los rau Solana daim ntawv cog lus. Nws muab cov neeg siv kev paub txog kev nco txog Solidity thiab Truffle, ua rau kev hloov mus rau Rust thiab Solana txoj kev txhim kho ntau dua rau cov neeg tsim khoom.
xaus
Lub blockchain tech pawg yog ntau qhov chaw ecosystem, nrog rau txhua txheej ua si lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho thiab kev xa tawm ntawm cov ntawv thov kev lag luam. Txawm hais tias ib tus yog tus tsim tawm raws caij nyoog lossis tus neeg tuaj tshiab rau lub ntiaj teb blockchain, kev nkag siab cov txheej txheem thiab cov cuab yeej uas lawv suav nrog yog qhov tseem ceeb. Raws li cov toj roob hauv pes digital txuas ntxiv nthuav dav, kev paub thiab siv cov cuab yeej zoo yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev siv tag nrho cov peev txheej ntawm blockchain thev naus laus zis.
Tau qhov twg los: https://www.cryptopolitan.com/best-tech-stack-for-blockchain-developers/